The Culture and History of Switzerland Assignment

The Culture and History of Switzerland - Assignment Example The main principle that characterizes the country’s political system is that the citizens have the highest political authority in the states of Swiss. They have the leverage of conveying their opinion at the levels such as communal, cantonal, and federal. Moreover, they can not only vote on different issues but also elect representatives of the Federal Assembly (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 3 The geopolitics and geography of the Swiss sustained and allowed a tension-laden but polycentricity that was effective. The cantons stubbornly, on autonomy, canalized the attempts, as well as, state-building into a league mode of association instead of centralizing the unitary state model. The ultimate sovereignty neither depends on the citizen nor in some of the central universal principle though it will depend on the autonomous communities. This can be explained by the difference of in the democratic process of this country in comparison to other democracies. It has a direct democracy where the citizens influence government activities directly through either referenda or initiatives. In the federalism, the constitutional powers are citizen centered as well as the cantons. Moreover, they have consociational democracy where the cantonal majority rules. Cantons that are small have equal weight to those that are big (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 4 In my opinion, the culture and color character of the Zurich, Geneva, and Basel relatively differ. This can be attributed to the fact that the culture of the citizens is firmly anchored by the cantons. These cities are important facets of cultural identity as they contribute to the cultural and social substance towards the maintenance of the nation that is polycentric.

WAN devices Essay Example for Free

WAN devices Essay Switches are very similar to hubs with the exception of containing the ability to read the packets received. This means that the device gets the packets, reads them and only forwards them to the appropriate attached device. Because switches can read the packets instead of just sending them on to all devices, it means they operate at the data link layer, layer 2. Repeaters A repeater is a simple device that boosts the signal so that it can travel much greater distances or avoid obstacles. They operate at Layer 1 of the OSI Model. Hubs A hub is simply a device that connects parts of LANs together. They are multiport devices and copy the data received from one port onto the other ports. Hubs operate at the physical layer (level 1) as they operate by using simple physical transmissions to send data from one device to the next. Hubs only use bits to send the data and cannot understand anything above bits on the OSI model. Bridges Bridges and Routers are quite similar they both direct traffic between two devices. A bridge will connect hardware together using hardware assigned MAC addresses. Bridges are a layer two device. This means that bridges cannot determine the type of network that theyre running on. Routers Routers, like hubs and switches, connect together multiple networks. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to create and send packets to determine the path through the networks and this means they operate at level 3, the network layer. Gateways Gateways are used to interface with another network that uses different protocols. This allows two different systems using two different protocols to work with each other. Gateways operate at all levels of the OSI model. Gateways can handle what can access the network and what cannot and helps to control the applications that require networks to run. LAN Connectivity Local Area Networks are very easily constructed with the use of these devices. LANs are quite easily created using; routers; hubs, switches, bridges; gateways and repeaters as well as UTP wiring. The network consists of many devices. Depending on the purpose of the network; the devices attached to it will be different. A network that needs an external connection will include a router as this makes external access possible but Local Area Networks could use hubs, switches or bridges to connect parts of the network together. Gateways are also a possibility when connecting devices together that dont necessarily know how to interface with each other. Connectivity Uses Range Main Points Copper Twisted Pair Cable Short to medium distance networks 100 meters. Â  Can have problems with interference. Â  Cheaper than newer types of technology. Â  Main different types used for many varied uses. Created when two conductors are twisted together. Â  More twists desirable less interference. Coaxial Cable TV, broadband and radio Between 750ft and 1500ft dependant on cable type Uses insulation to carry the signal with the least amount of interference. A lot of research has gone into creating the most effective systems those with space carry the signal better. Â  Extremely cheap and easily available. Â  Two types rigid and flexible. Fibre Optic Cable TV, broadband and radio 160km when used with amplifiers. Â  Light is sent down an optical cable. Â  Created in the 1980s. Â  Replacing older systems. Â  Much more reliable less chance of interference. Â  Expensive. Wireless Ethernet Sharing a connection or resources across a short distance network 30 meters. Standards known as 802. 11. G and B are the most common. Â  Requires a wireless router to project the signal to a computer or other electronic device. Satellite The internet and WWW. Worldwide signal sent across many satellites. Bandwidth of 34 Mbit/s* Ability to send large amounts of information across the world. Microwave Internet, mobile phones, networks, TV and many other uses. Line of sight unless amplification is used. Â  Transmitter and receiver need to line up. Â  Used in many ways 802. 11g is one example of a microwave. Importance to Small Office, Medium Business and Large Company on a scale of 1 to 3. Small Office Medium Organisation Large Organisation Speed 2 2 3 Size 3 2 1 Cost 3 3 2 Connectivity 1 2 3 Selecting Equipment Choosing any type of network equipment is a very important decision. Each and every organisation and office will be unique in its requirements. Speed Speed is a necessity for some offices; usually those that rely heavily on the network for day to day activities. The more computers that are connected the network, the more bandwidth the equipment must be capable of providing. A single slow device on the network is going to slow down everything as networks are only capable of running at the speed of their slowest device so ensuring that all devices are capable of carrying the correct speeds. Other networks are not going to need high speeds such as those that only connect just a few computers together, or those that will only connect to the network occasionally. Size The size of a device is not necessarily all that important for most businesses if they have the room to keep it. For a medium to large business, finding space to place your hardware is unlikely to be a major problem. Smaller businesses will usually have less space to place their hardware, particular the type of safe and secure space that is required by such important devices. Finding a device that is small enough to be stored but still fulfils other requirements is required. Cost The cost of a device is not going to be all that important to larger businesses; spending a lot of money on a useful device seems only natural. But when spending the vast majority of a networks budget on a single device, cost definitely becomes a factor. It must be the right device and it must do the job its required to do but it should also be at the right cost to the business. Connectivity Connectivity is heavily dependent on the number of computers that are being connected as well as what services the network is trying to provide and how the devices are going to be connected. The device that is eventually chosen must be a combination of the most important needs of the network. Placing a value on each of these factors should suggest the device that is needed.

Cameras and Photography Essay -- History of Photography

What do you consider art? Paintings, sculptures, drawings, or maybe something else. I know, when I think of art, I think of photography. Photography Is used for business, science, manufacturing, art, recreational purposes, mass communication, and more. Photography is using light to do amazing things, and some people think of photography as a story that just needs to be told. Ansel Adams probably believed this. He said, â€Å"You don’t take a photograph, you make it.† Photography has a long interesting history, like the fact that the word photography is made up of two greek words, photos meaning ‘light’ and graphein which is ‘to draw’ ! Photography also has some complicated techniques to get a hang of taking good photos. Have you heard of the rule of thirds? Or do you know how a camera works? Well, that will all be explained. Maybe, by the end you will take up photography too. This essay will explore the history and types of cameras and the b asic rules for taking photographs. Photography has an amazing process, no matter if you are using a film camera, or a digital camera. The principle of the camera is that light passes through a small hole, projects an image from the brighter side of the opening to a surface on the dimmer side. The process of making photos, or durable images, is by recording light. Or, it can be created by making images from other electromagnetic radiations. Photography has two ways of capturing photos. It can be made chemically, with a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. Although it could be done electronically by the use of an image sensor. The lens is used to focus the light that is reflected from objects into a real image on a light-sensitive surface inside a camera, during a timed exposure... ...e: http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/top-10-most-famous-photographers-of-all-time/ Rowse, D. (2014). 21 Settings, techniques and rules all new camera owners should know. Retrieved February 12, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Web site: http://digital-photography-school.com/21-settings-techniques-and-rules-all-new-camera-owners-should-know Rowse, D. (2014). Rule of thirds. Retrieved February 14, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Web site: http://digital-photography-school.com/rule-of-thirds/ Rowse, D. (2014). Should you buy a DSLR or point and shoot digital camera? . Retrieved February 15, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Website: http://digital-photography-school.com/should-you-buy-a-dslr-or-point-and-shoot-digital-camera Wilson, R. (2013). Mathew Brady: Portraits of a nation. New York: Bloomsbury USA.

People Should Look After Their Health as a Duty to Society They Live in Rather Than Personal Benefits Essay

It has long been believed that an individual’s health is a private matter. However, in contemporary society, where human interaction is frequent and medical costs are high, the health of any individual concerns the whole community. Society as a whole suffers when an individual falls ill. Nowadays, a disease can spread very quickly between people in the same community and even across national borders. If a single patient is not diagnosed and treated in time, many more people will be affected. In addition, the high cost of medical treatment a patient requires is usually paid by the government and society. A smoker who suffers from lung cancer, for example, is making other taxpayers pay for his habit. For these reasons, health is more than just a personal matter. In the same way, good health benefits society as well as the individual. By keeping fit, a person is not only investing in his/her future, but also contributing to the overall productivity of society. That is the reason why many governments encourage their people to participate in sports as a way of boosting their health. Some people might argue that their freedom will be limited if their health is regarded as a public matter. However, I would like to point out that personal enjoyment should never be placed above public interests. Drug users, for example, are punished in any civilized society. In conclusion, health is not an issue like seatbelts which affect only the individual. In an era when everybody is involved with everybody else, people should look after their health for the sake of society as well as themselves.

British North American colonies prior to 1700 Essay

The New World was first established because a group of people in England did not agree with the religious and political ways of life advocated. Different religious groups left England to pursue more religious freedom in America. As they moved to the New World, the three different regions of the North American colonies greatly impacted not only their lifestyles but also the extent of religious freedom allowed prior to 1700. The first arrivers in the northern colonies were Puritans who came to America because they didn’t agree with the Anglican Church. These early colonist yearned for a place where they could indulge in religious freedom as opposed to the extreme contrast to the strict religious persecutions they experienced in England. But the Puritans had very strict rules regarding membership into the Protestant Church and religion was viewed very strictly. The Puritans believed that they were â€Å"a city upon a hill† and were to be a model of a holy society for humankind. Thus they were very rigid in thought and were also very prejudiced against other religions. This group who had come seeking religious freedom soon became the most religiously intolerant group in the Americas. Quakers, who denied the authority of the Puritan clergy, were persecuted with fines and banishment. Sometimes they were even hanged. Dissenters like Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were banished and Rhode Island was established by Williams as the first colony to have complete freedom of religion. In his â€Å"sewer† colony, Jew, Catholics, and Quakers were all sheltered and treated equally. The Middle Colonies was an extremely religiously mixed region because of the amount of diverse people who settled there. The first to settle the region were the Dutch, in New Netherlands which would later become New York after the English took control. The Dutch practiced the Dutch Reform Church which was basically a branch of Lutheran. South of the Dutch were the Swedes practicing their own branch of Lutheran known as the Swedish Reform Church. They were later defeated and absorbed by the New Netherland colonists. But the English regarded the Dutch as the Dutch regarded the Swedes; as intruders and in 1664, Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York, a squadron that defeated the Dutch. Although the English were now in control of the region and brought with them the Anglican Church, they did not seek  to enforce it because the Dutch made up almost half of the population. Then the establishment of Pennsylvania allowed German, French, Dutch, and English colonists entry into the New World under William Penn’s broad view of religious tolerance. With so many ethnically, racially, and religiously diverse groups in the region, there can be nothing but immense religious toleration. The Southern Colonies, were the earliest colonies to be settled, but didn’t strive for the religious haven the New England Colonies desired. The only settlers in the South were from the Church of England so that was the predominant faith. But because the south’s economy was based on agriculture and farming on large plantations and most things were business-oriented, there were few towns which meant few churches. Poor white farmers with small land areas did not have the money or resources to build churches and the large plantation owners did not have churches on their plantations so they basically did whatever they wanted. Religious tolerance was not high but the dominant religion itself was not rigidly enforced. In the midst of such religious indifference, the evangelist religions were born. Although immigrants to the New World all came with intentions of pursuing religious freedom never experienced in their native countries, the regional differences and religious views soon spread them far apart from each other. The New Englanders were mostly Puritans who believed in tight communities and so they remained as they were, fervent worshippers of God and intolerant of other religions. The Middle Colonies, with its wide range of races and the fact that it was established for business and trade ventures, dealt with immense religious diversity and thus immense religious tolerance. The South, preoccupied with the large-scale planting of tobacco had no time to enforce the Anglican Church. Such diverse thoughts of religious tolerance in the three regions that made up America before 1700 greatly impacts the America that we know today.

Prominent advices from Steve Jobs that can change your life

Prominent advices from Steve Jobs that can change your life Top 10 Steve Jobs rules for success What made Steve Jobs so successful and outstanding man? Is this luck, hard work or talent? Perhaps, there is no obvious and decisive answer for the questions of such kind. All these things and a lot of other factors can be the componential part of success, but we can hardly determine all details and algorithms. Anyhow, we know for sure some rules that were followed by Steve Jobs and think that they can be the things we all need to learn. Don’t live a limited life Do not let other people’s needs and opinions to become your goals in the life. Very often we depend on what people say and what they want, instead of doing what we want to do. For sure, it does not mean to be careless to people, whom you love, or to be selfish, but set boundaries and follow your goals instead of living the life of other people. Have a passion To become successful within the sphere or activity, one should be obsessive about it. Only those people, who take care and gun for it with all one’s heart, can understand what is relevant for the market and for the customers. Design yourself Be the master of your life and design it in the way you like. You live once and there will be no other opportunity to repeat all these things. Never forget that the most of chances, which you receive, are the unique opportunity, which should be used here and now. Sell nice products Selling of some sorts of crap can hardly make you the top businessman. Even if you manage to earn some money, remember that it is the short term luck. If the quality of the product is low, the customer will not come to you twice and the reputation will be corresponding. Just think how Steve Jobs refined Apple and how it is appreciated by the buyers. Do it not for money There can be the goals of innovation and enrichment of people’s life, but not the financial benefit. Purposes of becoming rich are very limited and they can hardly lead to outstanding achievements. Be proud of your products   It is great if you produce something what you can offer your friends and family without hesitation and be sure in the positive result. Create something with the high-quality and pride yourself on what you do. Build a great team   Your team is your allies on the way to success and the result depends on each of them. It is very important to find someone, who thinks the same way as you think and does his or her best for the company. Passionate and concerned people embody the strength of your undertaking. Consider needs of your customer Customers represent the group of people, who determine a lot of your business actions and the way you perform them. No matter what your customers deal with, you need to show your interest and respect to this activity. You are obliged to understand demands, gain trust and respect; these things will make your customers pleased to partner with you. Marketing is about Values   The correct marketing message enables your customers to understand who you are and what you do. Sometimes it is really important to announce to public what are you standing for. Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish   Never stop and never give up. Having made some breakthrough with your business or having faced the failure, one should go forward. Research, think, imagine and create, the more your deep yourself into the business you do, the better is the reward. Follow the wisdom of the person, who has left the prominent trace in the life of our society, and search your own success factors and rules.

Sociology Social Policy Notes Essay Example

Sociology Social Policy Notes Essay Example Sociology Social Policy Notes Essay Sociology Social Policy Notes Essay Assess the relationship between sociology and societal policy ( 33 Markss ) Sociology has been related to the devising of societal policy. sociologist’s function of carry oning research on both societal jobs and sociological jobs are bought together for the creative activity of a societal policy. A societal job is a manner of societal behavior that causes public and/or private struggle and calls for action to work out it. A sociological job is any form of relationships that calls for an explanation’ ( Peter Worsley ) this could be something that society respects as a societal job but can besides be something that society respects as normality’ . For illustration. Georg Simmel was interested in uncovering the cosmopolitan features of all societal relationships whether in the household. an office or even in a coach halt waiting line. Many sociologists are interested in work outing societal jobs through their research and many are employed by the Government sections. These sociologists frequently have direct input into the devising of policies and measuring their effectivity. Sociology has had an influence on societal policy in many factors. Electoral popularity can hold an impact on whether a sociologists research findings and recommendations point to a specific policy that possibly popular or unpopular with electors. Besides. if a researcher’s position is similar to that of the Government. the research worker may stand more opportunity in act uponing the policies. Therefore. holding the same political orientation and policy penchants of the Government would set the research worker at an advantage. Interest groups and force per unit area groups seek to act upon Government policies in favor of their ain involvements which creates competition for the sociologist seting frontward their policy. Globalisation may act upon societal policy through international administrations act uponing single Governments. Besides. sociologists that are critical of the province and powerful groups ( e. g Marxists ) may be regarded as excessively utmost and hence improbable to influence policy. Policy shapers may non hold the support to set forward an appropriate policy based on them. or. they may hold other disbursement precedences and committednesss. Sociologists may chant down their policy recommendations and their findings to suit their pay-masters wants. Similarly policy shapers may enroll sociologists who portion the same premises and/or political value. Positivists take the position that sociology is a scientific discipline and would happen the cause of societal jobs so conclude the scientific solutions to them. Their attack was portion of the Enlightenment Project to utilize scientific discipline and ground to better society. Functionalist take a similar position and see society as based on value consensus and free from cardinal struggles. They see the province as functioning the involvements of society as a whole. bring forthing and implementing societal policies for the good of all. These policies help society to run swimmingly and expeditiously. Functionalists favour societal policies that are referred to as the piecemeal societal engineering’ this is a cautious attack that tackles one issue at a clip. Marxists criticise this attack and argue that societal jobs such as under accomplishment are facets of a wider construction of category inequality and therefore we need to alter the basic construction of society in order to work out the jobs. Both rationalists and functionalists see the sociologist’s function as to supply the province with nonsubjective and scientific information. By the sociologist look intoing societal jobs and detecting the cause. the province can so implement a base to the policies. The societal democrats favour a major distribution of wealth and income from the rich to the hapless. Peter Townsend. argues that they should be involved in researching societal jobs and doing policy recommendations to stop the societal jobs. For illustration. Townsend conducted extended research on poorness. From his findings he made recommendations for policies such as fairer. higher benefit degrees and more public disbursement on wellness. instruction and public assistance services. Marxists criticise this position. They argue the same societal jobs. nevertheless. in their position ; capitalist economy is finally responsible for the inequalities therefore the job can non be solved unless capitalist economy is abolished. They besides argue that in any even affecting the capitalist province ; they are improbable to present dearly-won public disbursement policies to profit the on the job category. Marxists see society as divided through struggle of involvement in which the opinion capitalist category exploit the labor of the on the job category. The see the province as stand foring the opinion category and its societal policies serve the involvements of capitalist economy. non those of society as a whole. They argue that the province provides ideological legitimation to dissemble the capitalist development. keep the labour force for farther development and they are a agencies of forestalling revolution when category struggle intensifies and threatens the stableness of capitalist economy. But. Marxists do recognize that societal policies sometimes benefit the on the job category. However. these are threatened with the capitalist inclination to travel into periodic crisis of profitableness taking to cuts in province disbursement on public assistance. Marxist believe that research uncovering the truth about the societal jobs capitalism creates will non be used to make policies to work out the jobs. The lone solution to societal jobs is a revolution to subvert capitalist economy and make a egalitarian society. Therefore they see the sociologist’s function should be to knock capitalist societal policy. non to function the capitalist province. Exploitation must be revealed by the sociologist and the manner how the opinion category use societal policies to dissemble this development and purchase off rebellion with minor grants. Critics argue that the Marxist position on societal policy and the function of the sociologist are impractical and unrealistic. Social Democrats criticise them for rejecting the thought that sociological research can assist convey about progressive policies within the bing capitalist system. Feminists see society as based on cardinal struggle between genders. The argue society is patriarchal and benefits me at women’s disbursal and the province preserve women’s subordination through its societal policies. Feminist research has already had an impact in a figure of policy countries. For illustration. in instruction it has influenced policies such as larning stuffs that promote positive images of adult females and teacher preparation to sensitize instructors to the demand to avoid gender prejudice and promote inclusiveness for both sexes. Extremist womens rightists regard work forces as direct oppressors of adult females. particularly through the household where adult females are unbroken subsidiary through the usage of menace of physical and sexual force. They therefore favour segregation. the thought that adult females need to divide themselves from work forces to be free from patriarchate. One country of societal policy that reflects this position is the constitution of adult females safeties for adult females get awaying domestic force. Feminist sociological research has had some impact on societal policies countries that affect adult females. The New Right believe that the province should hold minimum engagement in society. They are opposed to utilizing the province proviso of public assistance to cover with societal jobs. State intercession in countries such as household life. income support and instruction robs people of their freedom of ain pick and undermines the sense of duty ; taking to greater societal jobs. Charles Murray argues that generous public assistance benefits and council lodging for lone parents weakens the autonomy that households have. They encourage the growing of the dependence civilization. an lower class of lone female parents. undisciplined kids. and irresponsible male parent who abandon households in the cognition that the public assistance province will supply for them. Murray favours a decrease in the province disbursement on public assistance. The New Right are extremely critical of bing policies. They see the function of the sociologist as being to suggest alternate policies to the present 1s. These policies should take to reconstruct duty of persons for their ain and their households welfare instead than go forthing their duty to the province.

Tips on Measuring Distance on a Map

Tips on Measuring Distance on a Map A map represents a portion of  Earths surface. Because an accurate map represents a real area, each map has a scale that indicates the relationship between a certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. The map scale is usually located in the legend box of a map, which explains the symbols and provides other important information about the map. A map scale can be printed in a variety of ways. Words Numbers Map Scale A ratio or representative fraction (RF) indicates how many units on Earths surface are equal to one unit on the map. It can be expressed as 1/100,000 or 1:100,000. In this example,  1 centimeter on the map could equal 100,000 centimeters (1 kilometer) on Earth. It could also mean that 1  inch on the map is equal to 100,000 inches on the real location (8,333 feet, 4 inches, or about 1.6 miles). Other common RFs include 1:63,360 (1 inch to 1 mile) and 1:1,000,000 (1 cm to 10 km). A word statement gives a written description of map distance, such as 1  centimeter equals 1 kilometer or 1 centimeter equals 10 kilometers. Obviously, the first map would show much more detail than the second, because 1 centimeter on the first map covers a much smaller area than on the second map. To find a real-life distance, measure the distance between two points on the map, whether inches or centimeters- whichever scale is listed- and then do the math. If 1 inch on the map equals 1 mile and the points youre measuring are 6 inches apart, theyre 6 miles apart in reality. Caution The first two methods of indicating map distance would be ineffective if the map is reproduced by a method such as photocopying with  the size of the map modified (zoomed in or reduced). If this occurs and one attempts to measure 1 inch on the modified map, its not the same as 1 inch on the original map. Graphic Scale A graphic scale  solves  the shrink/zoom  problem because it is simply a line marked with the distance on the ground that the map reader can use along with a ruler to determine scale on the map. In the United States, a graphic scale often includes both metric and U.S. common units. As long as the size of the graphic scale is changed along with the map, it will be accurate. To find a distance using a graphic  legend, measure the legend with a ruler to find its ratio; maybe 1 inch equals 50 miles, for instance. Then measure the distance between the points on the map and use that measurement to determine the real distance between those two places.  Ã‚   Large or Small Scale Maps are often known as large scale or small scale. A large-scale map refers to one that shows greater detail because the representative fraction (e.g., 1/25,000) is a larger fraction than a small-scale map, which would have an RF of 1/250,000 to 1/7,500,000. Large-scale maps will have an RF of 1:50,000 or greater (i.e., 1:10,000). Those between 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 are maps with an intermediate scale. Maps of the world that fit on two 8 1/2-by-11-inch pages are very small scale, about 1 to 100 million.

GDP and the Business Cycle Economic Health Memo Term Paper

GDP and the Business Cycle Economic Health Memo - Term Paper Example The business cycle, predictive statistics and government policy are obviously all intertwined. GDP and the business cycle are closely tied together. But how much? Is GDP actually good at predicting the future of the market? And what do the commensurate fiscal policies do to the economy? GDP is different from GNP. GDP is the domestic product: It is all the things and services that were produced domestically, no matter who owned them, even if it was foreign buyers. GNP, meanwhile, is the amount held by the nation, including the value of its overseas investment. GDP is about the borders of the nation, GNP about the national ownership. But both are used to predict the business cycle. GDP is designed to help firms manage uncertainty (Roubini). By getting a feeling for how the whole economy is doing, business managers can decide whether or not to pursue risky policies or batten the hatches and wait for things to get better. In general, markets go through boom-bust cycles about every twenty years (Mead, 1992). Knowing how GDP is doing now helps to predict if we're in a boom or a bust, which is important to the business cycle. However, GDP's value as an economic indicator, and therefore a predictor of the business cycle, is coming under attack now. Roubini, for example, points out that, â€Å"The best advice I can give you is to realize that there is an unavoidable amount of uncertainty in the economy. This is even more true of firms and their financial statements. So what do we do? My choice is to get out of this game altogether, but not everyone has this option---a firm, for example, has to forge ahead the best it can. The first thing you should know is that there's a lot of uncertainty out there, and no amount of commercial forecasting is going to change that†. Roubini is saying that GDP isn't ever for certain: It can be determined one year then the same year can be revised a whole percentage point later! It's hard to predict things like wars or terrorist att acks. In fact, GDP is very easy to â€Å"game† (Ritholtz, 2010). â€Å"[Y]ou simply under-report inflation, and GDP appears to be better than it is†. Since inflation depends on counting the value of a good last year, and doing so across many goods to make sure that it's not just one or two goods that grew in price for other reasons, there's a lot of subjectivity and uncertainty in making it. GDP is also not as helpful as it could be because it positively counts negative externalities (Ritholtz, 2010). That means that pollution, which is a bad thing, is counted as a good thing because it makes people spend money to go to the doctor or buy new houses to move. â€Å"If you buy a car, the GDP goes up. If you cut a tree, the GDP goes up. But if you preserve the tree, the GDP does not grow. Now you have to decide whether you need the tree or the GDP† (Sharma, 2010). Thus, it is hard to use the GDP to predict the business cycle, and economists are looking for a better indicator of economic health. Fiscal policies are guided by economic facts and by measures like the GDP: As we've seen already, the GDP's inadequacies can cause lawmakers concerned only with increasing the GDP to increase externalities such as injured workers, ecological damage and health costs as a byproduct, and not reap the consequences or even be aware of them. But what about fiscal policy and unemployment? The jury is out as to whether reducing or increasing taxes, reducing or increasing spending, etc. is better for production and employment. A major Heritage Foundation study finds that â€Å"a large and growing government is not conducive to better economic performance. Indeed, reducing the size of government would lead to higher incomes and improve America's competitiveness† (Mitchell, 2005). Mitchell cites a Rahn curve, which says that there's a curve in tax revenue between 0 and 100%. The theory is simple: If you tax 100% of income, no one produces anything; but if y ou tax 0%, the government

World Tourism Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

World Tourism Organization - Essay Example The relevance of this Blueprint for New Tourism is very significant in the struggle to boost tourism and recreation, which in effect boosts the jobs and economies of many nations across the globe. Jean-Claude Baumgarten, President of the WTTC, said, "There is now a new consciousness amongst governments that they cannot leave the growth of Travel & Tourism to chance. What is needed is a new vision and strategy involving a partnership between all stakeholders - public and private to turn future challenges into opportunities. The Blueprint for New Tourism spells out how that can be achieved" (Tarsh 2003). "WTTC's latest projection for the industry is that a quarter of a billion people will work in Travel & Tourism worldwide by the end of the decade, with the prospect of sustainable growth in to the future. This projection is supported by WTTC's latest economic research that indicates consistent growth, at 4.6% pa, over the coming decade" (2003). "The strategic importance of Travel & Tourism to our economy can not be underestimated. I am fully supportive of the Blueprint for New Tourism and am delighted to have the opportunity of talking to so many of the industry's top people about how we can respond to the challenge" (Tarsh 2003). Mr. Mr. Correia da Silva's statement is very correct in calling the achievement of such goals a "challenge". The Blueprint is noble and seems efficient, but turning it into a reality from this idea will take a lot more ideas just like this one before anything close to perfection is realized. World Summit on Sustainable Development This is another plan, similar to the blueprint, that is designed to do the same thing, increase tourism, and make sure that tourism is environmentally safe, but profitable. The following comes from the World Summit on Sustainable Development's Plan of Implementation, "Promote sustainable tourism development, including non-consumptive and eco-tourism, taking into account the spirit of the International Year of Eco-tourism 2002, of the United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage in 2002, and of the World Eco-tourism Summit 2002 and its Quebec Declaration, and of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism as adopted by the World Tourism Organization, in order to increase the benefits from tourism resources for the population in host communities while maintaining the cultural and

Feminist Analysis of TV Show 30 Rock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feminist Analysis of TV Show 30 Rock - Essay Example This factor threatens male egocentricity. Feminine perceptions are more humanistic. This is manifested in the show 30 Rock and its popularity. Feminists with Marxist perceptions would place emphasis on the manner in which the social systems and motivations of capital gain have hindered the humane feminist values from coming to light. Feminists with a radical perspective would conclude that the subduction of this feminist approach is a result of male egocentricity. This is also due to society's insistence of sexual orientation, rather than making allowances for individual freedom of choice. There is also the insistence of the perception of the consumption oriented nuclear family. Feminists who maintain a liberal perspective perceive things in a different light ( Kaplan : 252). The feminine perspective is essential to the male dominated society as demonstrated by the relationship between Liz (Tina Fey) and Jack (Alex Baldwin). There exists the possibility of interchanging sexual identi ties. In order to totally become human, different perspectives must be adapted. The American television series 30 Rock, demonstrates the interchange of roles between masculine and feminine genders. Prior to the 1990s, during the era of 1963- 1980, females were only portrayed as sexual objects or for the fulfillment of masculine needs. The sexual objects and need fillers were put into place in order to fulfill the masculine requirements and desires. This resulted in the feminist desire to eradicate this type of subduction (Kaplan : 253). There are three categories of feminist, each with a specific motivation and objective ( Kaplan :252). The feminist perspectives which were popularized in the 1990s are still popular today. The first category of feminist evaluation and research requires that the members of the female gender be treated as peers. This venue has two possible outcomes. One approach may conclude with domesticated feminism. This is representative of feminine roles of the ni neteenth century. The second possible outcome of this venue is a liberal female female perspective, which is more representative of the present. From my feminist perspective, Liz (Tina Fey) is the embodiment of both. In the liberal feminine perspective, females are allowed to vie within the institutional framework for equal rights to employment and self determination. This requires that the female be perceived as a peer. This perception by society includes the rights and obligations of equal treatment. This perspective has resulted in the American male adopting the roles in the household which would be normally classified as feminine such as cooking, cleaning, babysitting (Kaplan: 254). A primary type of feminine role perception exists in Diana Meehan's Ladies of the Evening: Woman Characters in Prime Time Television. The second category of feminine television production is viewed by the â€Å"pre- Althusserian Marxist† feminist perspective. This perspective perceives televis ion as an extension of capitalist society. These theorist propose that television interests are founded upon the manipulation of the television viewer as a consumer Kaplan: 257). A third category of feminist evaluation arises from the radical feminist perspective. In this perspective, the female gender is perceived as superior. Liz (Tina Fey) perceives herself as superior, she does not need a relationship with a man. Liz (Tina Fey) can get things done by herself.

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry Research Paper

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry - Research Paper Example Various legal and clinical standards have been set forth in order to manage the disposal of hospital wastes. To some extent, these policies and standards have been relatively effective in managing hospital wastes. Improvements to these standards are still needed in order to ensure that hospital wastes are effectively managed and that risks to the general population in relation to such wastes are minimized. This paper shall discuss the current waste control of medical supplies in the health care industry. It shall also discuss the impact of ineffective waste management on hospitals and on disease management. It shall also consider the different possible improvements which can be made in the waste control and management of healthcare wastes. This paper is being conducted in the hope of establishing an academic and scholarly approach and answer to the topic on healthcare waste control. Discussion Most of the wastes from healthcare facilities can be considered regular solid municipal was te. However, some of these wastes need special attention – these are sharps (needles, razors, scalpels), pathological wastes, infectious wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, biological wastes, and hazardous chemical wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). All in all, these wastes are referred to as special health care wastes. Wastes from isolation wards and microbiological laboratories also require special attention. The rest of the waste from healthcare facilities include packaging, reusable medical equipment, and secondary wastes created by disposal technologies (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). Inappropriate and inadequate management of these products exposes people and the environment to health risks. Various healthcare workers, patients, waste handlers, and the general public are exposed to various health risks from these infectious wastes (most especially, the sharps), chemicals, and other hospital wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). And the exposure to these wastes is often seen with the improper handling by health workers. The WHO (1999) has successfully classified the different types of healthcare wastes and these include: communal waste and special wastes (infectious, anatomic, pharmaceutical, genotoxic, chemical, heavy metals, pressurized containers, and radioactive materials). Communal wastes are all solid wastes which are not infectious, chemical or radioactive. These can specifically include packaging materials and office supplies. These wastes can generally be disposed of in communal landfills or similar arrangements (WHO, 1999). Segregation and recycling applies to these wastes. Special wastes on the other hand are classified into various categories and are not in any way classified for communal landfills. Infectious wastes are wastes from humans or animals which can potentially transmit infectious diseases to humans (WHO, 1999). These wastes include those which are discarded from equipment during diagnosis, treatment, and prevention stage of the disea ses or the assessment of the patient during which contact with blood, tissues, saliva and other patient derivatives may have been seen. Such wastes include: cultures and stocks, tissues, dressings, swabs, items soaked in blood, syringe needles, scalpels, diapers, blood bags, and similar items (WHO, 1999). All sharps regardless of usage by infected patient or not, is considered under infectious wastes. Other

Interpret Lee's film Do the Right Thing using one of the discussion Essay

Interpret Lee's film Do the Right Thing using one of the discussion questions as prompt-argument - Essay Example Its message is clear and straightforward. Desperate situations need not half-hearted measures but desperate measures capable of delivering the desired results. The movie pinpoints the racial flashpoints and demands purposeful action. Eradication of racism is not about passing the legislation after legislation and making more and more laws. Challenging racism is not about giving equal constitutional rights to blacks and whites. Eradication of racism is about creating noble individuals, black or white, to implement the existing laws in a fair and equitable manner. Provisions of the laws are adequate but the capacity of the men to understand and implement them is sadly inadequate and if the situation goes out of hand, both blacks and whites will suffer at the cost of nation. The title of the movie â€Å"Do the Right Thing† is a simple moral statement about the current practicalities of the problem of racism, in the light of the past experiences of African Americans in understanding the issue. A movie relating to such a sensitive subject is bound to invite varied reactions, favorable, unfavorable and bitter. But Spike Lee, the Director of the movie, has the perfect grasp of the issue and deals it with a balanced mental attitude. The responsibility of a good and imaginative Director is not to give moral sermons and to tell the audience what is good or bad. His assignment is to explain the realities. It is not his responsibility to give solutions and the audience should not expect it from a movie director, when the think-tanks, administrators and politicians have failed to hammer out a perfect solution to the problem of racism so far. As such, when one sees liberal virtues or militancy, understanding and detestable characters, good and the bad ones, one should not be judgmental about it. That is the state of affairs prevailing in America today which baffles solution. As such do not expect clear cut answers but try to

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry Research Paper

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry - Research Paper Example Various legal and clinical standards have been set forth in order to manage the disposal of hospital wastes. To some extent, these policies and standards have been relatively effective in managing hospital wastes. Improvements to these standards are still needed in order to ensure that hospital wastes are effectively managed and that risks to the general population in relation to such wastes are minimized. This paper shall discuss the current waste control of medical supplies in the health care industry. It shall also discuss the impact of ineffective waste management on hospitals and on disease management. It shall also consider the different possible improvements which can be made in the waste control and management of healthcare wastes. This paper is being conducted in the hope of establishing an academic and scholarly approach and answer to the topic on healthcare waste control. Discussion Most of the wastes from healthcare facilities can be considered regular solid municipal was te. However, some of these wastes need special attention – these are sharps (needles, razors, scalpels), pathological wastes, infectious wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, biological wastes, and hazardous chemical wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). All in all, these wastes are referred to as special health care wastes. Wastes from isolation wards and microbiological laboratories also require special attention. The rest of the waste from healthcare facilities include packaging, reusable medical equipment, and secondary wastes created by disposal technologies (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). Inappropriate and inadequate management of these products exposes people and the environment to health risks. Various healthcare workers, patients, waste handlers, and the general public are exposed to various health risks from these infectious wastes (most especially, the sharps), chemicals, and other hospital wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). And the exposure to these wastes is often seen with the improper handling by health workers. The WHO (1999) has successfully classified the different types of healthcare wastes and these include: communal waste and special wastes (infectious, anatomic, pharmaceutical, genotoxic, chemical, heavy metals, pressurized containers, and radioactive materials). Communal wastes are all solid wastes which are not infectious, chemical or radioactive. These can specifically include packaging materials and office supplies. These wastes can generally be disposed of in communal landfills or similar arrangements (WHO, 1999). Segregation and recycling applies to these wastes. Special wastes on the other hand are classified into various categories and are not in any way classified for communal landfills. Infectious wastes are wastes from humans or animals which can potentially transmit infectious diseases to humans (WHO, 1999). These wastes include those which are discarded from equipment during diagnosis, treatment, and prevention stage of the disea ses or the assessment of the patient during which contact with blood, tissues, saliva and other patient derivatives may have been seen. Such wastes include: cultures and stocks, tissues, dressings, swabs, items soaked in blood, syringe needles, scalpels, diapers, blood bags, and similar items (WHO, 1999). All sharps regardless of usage by infected patient or not, is considered under infectious wastes. Other

Behavioural-Based Safety in the Construction Companies Essay

Behavioural-Based Safety in the Construction Companies - Essay Example While there are many other explanations, the research paper will seek to determine the explanations that are applicable to the current case study, which is employee perception of BBS at the workplace, BBS training, safety awareness, safety participation, and group safety culture. A quantitative method study will be used for this research study with a survey-based research design. The research study will utilize probability sampling, which will seek to get at least fifteen labor workers at Tarmac Zawawi LLC. It is expected that high scores in BBS training, perception, awareness, participation, and group safety culture will result in high levels of safety and, therefore, fewer incidents and accidents. Because of the equipment, machinery, working height, and external activities involved in the construction sector, it is one of the most dangerous occupations in the industry. There are a number of factors, which lead to accidents in this setting. One of them is unsafe conditions and behavior, in which the individual’s behavior accounts for approximately 75% of all events (Roughton & Mercurio, 2012: p82). In addition, most studies suggest that unsafe behavior among workers is more to blame than the safety of conditions in the occurrence of accidents. If unsafe conditions do exist and individuals accept the risk associated with the construction and continue normally with their activities, accidents cannot be blamed on the conditions alone. Therefore, failure to identify conditions that are unsafe prior to and during construction, to continue with construction even after the unsafe conditions are identified, and unsafe performance without regard to the conditions at the site are three major reasons for construction site accidents (Roughton & Mercurio, 2012: p86). In  addition, unsafe conditions are brought about by unsafe actions from individual workers and their colleagues, management practices, and inhuman events.  

Career as a Fire Fighter or EMT Essay Example for Free

Career as a Fire Fighter or EMT Essay Saving ives and helping people in trouble is very rewarding career. A fire fighter is a first responder to natural disasters, fires, and vehicle wrecks. A firefighter fights fires to prevent loss of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment. Firefighting is a highly technical skill that requires professionals who have had extinctive training in both general firefighting techniques and specialized areas of expertise. Fires can rapidly spread and endanger many lives; however, with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe is usually, but not always, avoided. Fire ighters goals are to save lives, property and the environment. The rewarding Job of saving a life ofa civilian is an important part of this career. Not one individual can fully extend their thanks to an individual that saves them at least another day alive. Work involves responsibility for the protection of life and property through firefighting and rescue operations, usually under close supervision. In large cities, firefighters may work on special squads that require advanced training. Firefighting and emergency rescue work, including the administration of first aid and emergency medical treatment. Employees are also required to learn and participate in the operation of firefighting equipment and apparatus. A major portion of time is spent on pre-flre surveys; training, studying methods, techniques and organization of firefighting and on routine duties in the care and maintenance of Fire ; Rescue Department property and equipment. Shifts involve an element of personal danger and require working on extended shifts. Highly organized and extinctive training makes the proses of this Job preform smoothly. Employment of firefighters is expected to grow by nine percent, slower than the ostsecondary firefighter education and paramedic training should have the best prospects. Emergency rescue teams will undoubtable be necessary in the future for any growing town or city. The need for fire rescue will always increase on account of natural disasters and disasters caused by men. Prospective firefighters must be at least eighteen years old and high school graduates to take the fire exam. In recent years, most applicants have had a few years of college or completed two- or four-year programs in fire science at community colleges or universities. Experienced firefighters sometimes take these courses to prepare for promotion. These courses are also useful for those preparing for Jobs as fire-science specialists. The firefighter exam includes a written section; tests of strength, physical stamina, and agility; and a medical examination, including a drug screening. Applicants with the highest scores undergo several weeks of formal training at an academy. Some fire departments offer apprenticeship programs that last three or four years. Experienced firefighters go on practice drills to maintain their skills. I plan on attending the University of South Alabama to receive my four- year degree and EMT training. The University of South Alabamas Center for Emergency

Modes of Expression of Anger in Adolescents

Modes of Expression of Anger in Adolescents Introduction Aggression is a behavior that harms the security of the sufferers and causes pain or injury to others. (Townsend, 2006) Anger can be expressed in different ways such aswords, fists, weapons etc. which may result in bitter outcomes. Aggression is common in both of the genders regardless of their age. Adolescents are the vulnerable population in terms of aggression which can cause negative outcomes in their late life and results in poor adjustments and academic difficulties. Risk Behavior and Target Population Problems of aggressive behaviors in adolescents are growing seriously day by day (Olweus, 2001). The behaviors involve aggression against colleagues, teachers and friends(Astor, Pitner, Benbenishty, Meyer, 2002). Aggression is a risk health behavior in adolescents which can lead to depression and suicidal attempts(Herrero, Este ´vez, Musitu, 2006).Adolescents who suppress their anger are at high risk to be depressed and experience the feeling of hopelessness. Moreover, suicidal attempts are more serious in such adolescents. In contrast, adolescents who express their anger are at high risk to have family related problems (Olweus, 2005). The association between aggressive behaviors in adolescents and social health problems are related to family issues and schooling adjustment issues (MusituGarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, 2004). Moreover, the aggressive adolescents show lower level of empathy (Olweus, 2005). Aggressive adolescents strive for social recognition (RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez, 2004).Desir e of becoming powerful in adolescents leads to disruptive behavior (Buelga, Ravenna, Musitu, Lila, 2006). Therefore it is very important to assess the mode of anger expression in adolescents to identify their health risk behaviors. The target population is adolescents aged between 10 to 19 years. (Add who definition of adolescents) Rationales A questionnaire has been developed in order to assess the level and expression of aggressionamong adolescents. This questionnaire will also help to identify the sex, age differences and ethnic background of these adolescents.Furthermore, it will give an understanding of the risk factors for developing aggressive behaviors which is one of the important steps in developing the strategies for prevention of aggression. Gender, age educational status and ethnic background are important aspects in order to know the vulnerability of adolescents for aggression.(Goldberg, Sweeney, Merenda Hughes, 1997) Therefore, it is important to study these demographic variables because each individual is different from another individual. Aggression causes continues depressive symptoms such as loneliness, self-esteem and externalizing behavior in victimized adolescents. (Prinstein, Boergers, Vernberg, 2001). Adolescents with experience of aggression burst out their anger either verbally or physically. If anger is not managed properly, it results in poor social skills with cognitive distortions (Nelson Finch, 2000).Furthermore; it also leads to physical problems such as migraine, headaches, ulcers in adolescents (Townsend, 2006). Purpose, Variables and Hypothesis The aim of this research is to identify the modes of expression of anger in adolescents in relation to physical, psychological and social health risks. The independent variable is anger whereas physical, psychological and social health problems are dependent variable The hypotheses to be tested in the study are as follows: There is an association between suppression of anger and physical and psychological health problems There is an association between improper expression of anger and social health problems (interference with relationships) The hypothesis will be tested by using chi square test of independence because the level of measurement is qualitative categorical in nature. Chi square procedure is employed to test hypothesis because it best suites with form of data and study question. It is used to see the association between the two qualitative variables which do not show any causal relationship. Thus the chi-square statistic is used to test the hypothesis of association between two groups. The assumptions for chi-square test are taken into consideration when the data are qualitative categorical, the observed number in each category can be compared to an expected number and all the expected counts are greater than or equal to five. (add blueman reference here) Operational Definition Anger Anger is a strong emotion that creates a pressure inside you in response to a harm or wrong act experienced by you. Suppression of anger When an individual feels anger and do not express it. Inappropriate expression of anger When an individual feels anger and express it by harming others. Physical health problems When the normal functioning of the body is affected due to uncontrolled emotions like anger and leads to headache, ulcers etc. Psychological health problems When an individual’s ability to enjoy life and expression of emotions becomes maladaptive it leads to low self esteem and depression. Social health problems When an individual is unable to maintain healthy relationships with other people due to anger it leads to isolation. Questionnaire Analysis We filled the questionnaire as well as asked three other colleagues to fill the questionnaire and identified the difficulties which they faced during completing the form. One of the difficulties identified was problem in remembering the key for the questions on the second page as the key was written only on the first page and it was difficult to go back and forth to see the key. In order to resolve this problem, we will add the keys on the every page of the questionnaire. The Questionnaire Instructions Please read all the questions carefully, there is no right or wrong question. Use the key given below and circle the appropriate number which you think is most relevant to you. Demographic Data Age of respondent (in years): Birth order of the respondent: Gender of respondent: Class in which you read: Years of education: Number of family members: Number of siblings in the family: - Parent’s marital status: - Ethnicity of respondent: - Risk behavior data Key 1- Never, 2- Occasionally, 3- Often, 4- Frequently, 5- Always Do you get angry?12345 Do you express your anger?12345 Do you shout on others when you feel angry?12345 Do you beat others when you are angry?12345 Do you throw objects when you are angry?12345 Do you suppress your anger?12345 Do you feel headache when you are angry? 12345 Do you cry when you get angry?12345 Do you experience tremors when you get angry?12345 Do you isolate yourself when you get angry?12345 Do you share your feelings with your friends/siblings/parents when you are angry? 12345 Do you think recreational activities (music, games, outings etc.) can decrease your anger? 12345 Do you perform prayer when you get angry?12345 Do you feel bad about yourself when you get angry?12345 Do you feel relax after expression of your anger?12345 Do you continue your relationship with whom you expressed anger? 12345 Do you feel loss of control when you get angry?12345 Do you feel to take revenge from others?12345 Do you want to harm yourself?12345 Do you like fighting games and wrestling?12345 Do you say sorry to others after you express your anger to others? 12345 Do you accept sorry from others?12345 Do you think about the consequences of your actions? 12345 Do you reflect on your actions?12345 Do you feel difficulty in concentration due to anger?12345 Do your studies affect due to your anger?12345 References: Astor, R., Pitner, R. O., Benbenishty, R., Meyer, H. A. (2002). Public concern and focus on school violence.In L. A. Rapp-Paglicci, A. R. Roberts, J. S. Wodarski (Eds.), Handbook of violence. New York: Wiley. Buelga, S., Ravenna, M., Musitu, G., Lila, M. S. (2006). Epidemiology and psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescent’s drug consumption. In S. Jackson, L. Goossens (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development. UK: Psychology Press. Goldberg, L. R., Sweeney, D., Merenda3, P. F., Hughes, J. E. (1997).Demographic variables and personality.Person Individ diff 24(3), 393-403. Herrero, J., Este ´vez, E., Musitu, G. (2006). The relationships of adolescent school- related deviant behavior and victimization with psychological distress: Testing a general model of the meditational role of parents and teachers across groups of gender and age. Journal of Adolescence, 29(5), 671–690. Musitu, G., GarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, F. (2004).Consecuencias de la socializacio ´ n familiar en la culturaespanËÅ" ola. Psicothema, 16, 288–293 Nelson, W. M., Finch, A. J., Ghee, A. C. (2006).Anger management with children and adolescents.Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures, 114-159. Olweus, D. (2001). Olweus, core program against bullying and antisocial behavior: A teacher handbook. Bergen: Research Centre for Health Promotion Olweus, D. (2005). Bullying at school: Data and intervention. In IX international meeting about biology and sociology of violence: violence and school, Valencia, Spain. Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(4), 479-491. RodrÄ ±guez, N. (2004). Guerraenlasaulas [War in the classrooms]. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. Townsend, M. C. (2006). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concept of care in evidance-based practice. (5th ed.). Oklahoma: Davis companyPhildelphia.

The Dystopian Future of William Gibsons Neuromancer Essays -- Neuroma

The Dystopian Future of Neuromancer In reading a text like this one can look at it through the formalistic approach and gather aspects on different perspectives. In HCAL it instructs a reader to analyze a specific text by seeing the setting, certain styles, imagery, form, and texture. In William Gibsons book Neuromancer all these approaches can be seen. The novel takes place in the future and how Gibson portrays it will be. Every place is dark and gloomy with an illusion of dystopia; despair and unhappiness. Gibson's structure is very hard to follow, such as how he is repetitive with the description of people and the color pink. Neuromancer, a book that brings the belief of the future to life, speaks of the use of technology and how advanced it will be. Gibson illustrates a place of dystopia, where everything is dark and full of despair. There seems to be no control over people and who they kill. The place were all dystopia occurs is in cyberspace. The opening line seems to be Gibson's way of preparing the reader for what is to come; "The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel."(Gibson 3) Here one sees the imagery that Gibson uses. He begins by bringing death and dismay in to the readers mind. One can picture a television that is black and fuzzy because the channel is not tuned in, the way the sky is. This is nothing like our sky; blue and bright. Rather like that of a gloomy rainy day, black and not appealing. Further in the book Gibson talks where the people live and sleep, places called "coffins." He describes the coffin's size, "the r... ...epetition of the color pink to describe things, brings a sort of humanistic quality into the work. It makes one see that all though the characters in the story are living in cyberspace, they do have human qualities. To approach this book from all these angels brings a new outcome of the novel. Gibson sets up the book from the beginning with the scene of dystopia, and continues it throughout the entirety of the novel. The greatest image of dystopia I found in this novel, was all the deaths that occur without a second thought about it. Using the formalistic approach to pick out these certain images in the novel, helps the reader see what exactly is going on. With the words that Gibson uses puts a pictured image in the readers mind as they go along; the image of DYSTOPIA.

Case Study-Carlsbad Essay

QUESTION #1 Prior to the Public works department merging to become a part of a Major Service Area (MSA), the employees often performed work assignments that were redundant in different department which is a waste of the City of Carlsbad’s financial resources. This redundancy in work was contributed to the lack of cohesiveness in the entire Public works departments except for the water department. Lack of leadership is also a hindrance to the department’s mission and the employee’s guidance because the Public Works director is also the City Engineer. With too many employees performing job duty functions that require supervision, leadership in the Public Works department has been lacking the necessary guidance employees should expect. The employee tenure ratio varied between long and short assignments which could be an issue for training and coordination of day to day work without the proper leadership. QUESTION #2 I would introduce myself to the employees within the different departments of the Public Works department to clarify how we will be looking to make the organization better and offer an outline of what we may require from them. I will have discussed this conversation with management prior to speaking with the employees. Cummings & Worley (2008) states, â€Å"Before collecting diagnostic information, practitioners need to establish a relationship with those who will provide and subsequently use it. Because the nature of that relationship with those who will provide and subsequently use it† (pg. 121). I would use collection methods such as observation of employees at work, surveys and questionnaires. Because the Public Works department services the residents of Carlsbad, I would also include them in random questionnaires to find out how their service is working and how it can be improved. This will allow the department to receive feedback from those they work daily to service. Through interviews with the employees in small groups or individual sessions, I would like to pose direct questions such as â€Å"What do they need to succeed in their position?†, â€Å"Do they feel as if they are provided enough direction in their day to day?†, or â€Å"What they feel the vision of the organization is?† Cummings & Worley (2008) states, â€Å"Further probing and clarifications is, therefore, possible as the interview proceeds. This flexibility is invaluable for gaining private views and feelings about the organization and for exploring new issues that emerge during the interview† (126). QUESTION #3 I would recommend interventions for the Public Works department such as a process consultation with the open-systems method intervention. Performing the process consultation prior to offering the department any solutions to make any changes will allow us to identify where the disconnect in communication with the employees while providing the ground work for establishing the organizations goals. Cummings & Worley (2008) states, † Rather the process consultant works to help managers, employees, and groups assess and improve human processes, such as communication, interpersonal relations, decision making, and task performance†(pg. 253). Because the Public Works department has been comprised of so many different groups providing a variety of services to the residents of Carlsbad, I would recommend the open-systems method to the intervention. Through this intervention, we will be able to narrowly focus of the core mission of the organization and its purpose while creating an ideal future of how the Public Works department can progress with the inclusion of its employees. Because employees were often doing redundant work, we will use this time to assess how many people are needed on a task and what areas is not being taken care of due to mismanagement of assignments. QUESTION #4 I would begin the implementation of the action plan by interviewing and meeting with employees individually to introduce the goals of the OD intervention and perform interviews during this discussion. I would also perform random interviews with the residents of Carlsbad who rely on the Public Works service to discern their likes, dislikes and suggestions for improvement. I would then reveal the discrepancies of what the employees and management believe they are doing to what is actually happening. This will allow everyone to gauge the disconnect in their services as well as a starting point for improvement. During this time, we can refocus the employees on the vision of the Public Works department. Cummings & Worley (2008) states, † Generally, a vision describes the core values and purpose that guide the organization as well as an envisioned future toward which change is directed. It provides a valued direction for designing, implementing, and assessing organizational changes† (pg.169). Through the establishment of a communications plan, daily assignment check-ins and training the employees will be able to garner a more focused work day and reduce redundant work being duplicated. During the intervention a separate amount of time will be devoted to assess the leadership of the department. With the supervisor splitting duties as the City engineer, we may assess the need for an assistant to properly manage the employee’s daily. Anonymous surveys and observation will be used to garner feedback on how well the action plan works. References Cummings, T. & Worley, C. (2008). Organization Development & Change. (Pgs. 121, 126, 169, 253) Cengage Learning. Mason, OH.

Poetry †Alliteration Essay

The first poem ‘Sonnet 130’ by William Shakespeare has a humorous view on the traditional ideas of beauty. The poem is a five duplet metre with the stressed sounds starting on the second word of each line. Each line has the same amount of stressed and unstressed patterns which is very common for sonnets to make it quick and easy to read. The five duplet pattern never mimics human speech in the way a four duplet pattern does. The end of each alternating line has a distinct rhyming pattern which goes on throughout the poem. There is also an assonance pattern with each of these words. The first line ‘My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun’ shows use of a simile the same as most of the last line ‘I think my love as rare as†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ More use of similes could have been made in the following lines. There is an example of weak alliteration in line eleven ‘I grant I never saw a goddess go’ There is a metaphor in line four when he talks about his mistress’ hair, saying they are ‘black wires’, this view today would be a completely different view from when the poem was written. In our modern time we think of electrical wires coming out of her head. Most of the poem gives negative connotations, the words ‘sun’, ‘red coral’, ‘perfume’ and ‘music’ provides beautiful images. The denotations are her eyes do not shine like the bright sun, her breath ‘reeks’ unlike the smell of perfume and her voice is not pleasant to hear unlike music. The second poem Philip Larkin’s ‘The Trees’ is a twelve line poem that seems to compare the life of a tree to human life. In each stanza the first and fourth line, the end word rhymes with one another along with the second and third last word also rhyming. There is a four duplet pattern with the stressed pattern on the second syllable of each line. Each of these words show a clear assonance pattern with the words ‘thresh’ and ‘afresh’ repeated three times, when spoken aloud almost sound like the wind rustling through the leaves of the tree.

Open Letter Assignment Essay

I have dreamt of graduating college since I began school. By the time I was your age, I had been practicing my college acceptance speech to my parents for many years. I understand that it can be difficult to imagine another four years of schooling. When you look at the alternative, however, you will find that you must work hard now to enjoy the rest of your life. When you are a middle-aged person, you will have been enjoying weekends off and family vacations for so long you won’t even think back about regretting college. In the grand scheme of things, it is only four years of your life. The first thing to do is look at places you’d like to live. If you already know what you want to do then you should choose a school that offers studying in that subject. However, don’t be alarmed if you don’t know what you want to do. Some people pick schools for a certain subject that they end up wanting nothing to do with. Even I have thought of several things I wanted to do and still have not come to a decision. Having a foundation of education is what is most important. You can always change your mind and get difference experience through different internships and jobs. By the time you graduate college, you will have had plenty of opportunities come your way. Another piece of advice is to take one week at a time. College work can be overwhelming, but not as overwhelming as working a full time job that doesn’t pay well or that doesn’t make you feel good going to it. If you’re worried about your math or writing skills, there are lots of ways to get help in college. There are writing centers, math tutors, and much more assistance available to you. Not everyone in college is good at every subject, so don’t worry!

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage Research Paper

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage - Research Paper Example In following this line of reasoning though, one may say that since it is a violation of the constitution to deny anyone of their civil rights, it is therefore unconstitutional to deny people should they want to enter into same-sex marriages. However, for one to claim violation, one must prove first that same-sex marriage is part of the protected rights of the Constitution. This paper aims to correct the presumption that same-sex marriages should be legalized because every individual should be allowed to marry. The truth is, marriage is set as heterosexual by nature, thus, marriage policy limiting the union to only between one man and one woman does not violate the Equal Protection Clause or any other legal or moral principle (Stacey 27). Law protects such union to ensure the continuation of species. The law was not placed there to protect the emotional wants of individuals. Simply put, there is no right to same-sex marriages, thus, homosexuals are not being denied of their right. In fact, if one looks at the natural needs of a child to be raised by both biological parents, the natural need of a man to be ensured of paternity, and the natural need of a woman to be with her child (Stacey 27-8), not legalizing same-sex marriages protects these natural rights. It is Not Included in One’s Civil Rights Civil law is one of the greatest contentions about marriage. Literally speaking, laws governing marriages has always been a concern of the state and not the federal government. In any case, however, it has been long ignored that marriage is actually an institutional union between one man and one woman (McVeigh and Maria-Elena 891-2). Those who argue that same-sex marriages should be considered a civil right and should be treated just like any heterosexual monogamous marriage are doing so based on the principle of the Equal Protection Clause. This is, however, a flawed argument. It is absolutely wrong to consider that one’s constitutional rights ensure equ al treatment that includes the aspect of marriage. One must understand that equal treatment, as according to the Constitution, does not give reference to social relationships such as families, marriages, friendships, and the likes (McVeigh and Maria-Elena 899). A good example of this is a relationship between two friends who decide to consider their relationship as marriage. Such consideration of the friends involved in the friendship cannot go to the courts and demand equal protection rights just because they finally decided to consider their friendship as marriage. To do so is tantamount to saying that just because some people in a certain sports event pray together before the start of the event, courts are required to work under the equal protection law and allow these particular sports event goers to redefine the event as a religious ceremony. Social Reality Cannot be Declared by the Constitution Social reality cannot be defined merely by civil rights. The equal protection under the civil rights is there only to guarantee that every citizen will be treated equally. This means that the law should start by acknowledging and segregating characteristics and inconsistencies in reality so as to bestow upon each party what is rightfully theirs (Bily 27-8). For example, the government recognizes a relationship between two contracting parties who agree to fulfill a transaction of mowing the lawn. However, the law governing the contracts does not define beforehand what kinds of contracts can be done or can be accepted. This law, instead, merely makes clear how binding a consensual contract is, and what legal obligations both agreeing parties have in fulfilling the contract. This law also clarifies the consequences should one or both parties breach stipulations in the contract

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 40

History - Essay Example pite the English colonies not having representatives in parliament in England, by the end of seventeenth century all English colonies had some form of representative assembly which more or less resembled the House of Commons in structure and functions. McGeehan and Gall assert that there were four major landmarks that shaped American constitutional government: Magna carter (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), Common law and Bicameral legislature (3). The kings in England used to have absolute authority over subjects but the Magna carter made them subject to law giving parliament power over tax levies. To tame the powers of the King, it was necessary to establish Representative governments whereby the people had a say in governance. Such governments were thus vital to colonies in attracting investors. The Bill of Rights in 1689 limited the power of kings and queens further as it disallowed interference with parliamentary elections and debates and kings could not suspend laws or levy taxes without parliament consent. On the other hand, rights developed from common law protected citizens from tyrannical governments. England had a bicameral legislature comprising House of Lords comprising clergy and nobility and House of Commons for wealthy middle class. This was the method adopted by English colonists. Before settlement therefore, the colonists had the idea of a limited government (McGeehan & Gall 3-5). The colonists in New World wanted a government where people were first thus the establishment of representative governments with Virginia being the first to establish the House of Burgesses in 1619 (Ushistory.org). Other colonists followed by establishing assemblies. For example, Plymouth had the Mayflower Compact, Massachusetts had the General Court, Connecticut had Fundamental Orders of Government while Rhode Island operated on principle of separation of church and state (McGeehan & Gall 3-5). Colonies were headed by governor and council who had executive powers of

INTERVIEWS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERVIEWS - Essay Example However, some health educators are employed with a bachelor’s degree in health education or other fields like sociology, anthropology, and at least two years work experience in the field of health. Additionally, health educators are required to always continue learning in order to increase or maintain their professional skills. The health teachers who accept to become Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) normally develop some pride and accomplishment according to the NCHEC. The CHES helps to discover ones skills and knowledge enabling the employers to identify the qualified personnel. To be in a health field, it is important to have several skills that can boost your work. It is important to have communication skills. This helps while presenting educational information to different groups of people. Secondly, it is necessary to consider leadership skills. Leadership skills are mainly needed while coordinating and directing your work or others. Additionally, for planning purpose, organizational skills are needed. According to my knowledge, there are very many responsibility and duties of a health teacher. Most health workers work at places such as community civic centers and high schools to educate people in health matters. For instance, they teach about the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle, using the available health services and avoiding health emergencies from occurring frequently. Additionally, the main requirements needed of a health teacher are planning and directing health learning programs and lectures for companies, schools and community groups. The main task is to develop health goals with the students and help in promoting good health and varies ways of protecting or preventing diseases. Furthermore, the professionals are required to prepare and distribute educational materials on health matters. These matters may include: drug abuse and smoking, sexually

Obamacare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obamacare - Essay Example There are various advantages of the Obama health care plan. First, the act reduces the overall health care cost by making services available to the people who had no access to insurance (Chrumbelievable, 2012). Such people initially often used hospital emergency room as the primary care with increased medical cost. This will be a relief to such people. In addition, it is a relief to those who cannot afford health insurance. This is because the federal government will pay the state to incorporate them in the Medicaid (Chrumbelievable, 2012). Secondly, those who fail to qualify for expanded Medicaid due to low income the state will be compelled to set up insurance exchanges to alleviate the burden of getting private health insurance coverage (Chrumbelievable, 2012). Thirdly, those with preexisting conditions like children will not be denied insurance cover. Additionally, insurance company will not drop anyone from the cover once they become sick. Moreover, parents can now put their chi ldren on their health insurance cover up to 26 years old (Chrumbelievable, 2012). This will be advantageous to the insurance companies because they will get more premiums at a lower cost on covering healthier individuals. Equally, small business are spared by this care while large business are only required to offer health insurance, but receive tax credits to help employees pay premiums (Chrumbelievable, 2012). On the other hand, the Obamacare also has disadvantages. First, the increased coverage is likely to raise the health care costs. This is because a large group of people will receive preventive care and testing without establishing whether they had critical illness (ProQuest, n.d.). Secondly, the drug cost is likely to increase in the future as the pharmaceuticals companies are forced to pay over $80 billion in fee of closing the â€Å"donut hole† (Pipes, 2010). Some business may be discouraged to hire new employees. For example, the medical-device manufacturer and importers are required to pay a 2.35 excise tax (Pipes, 2010). There is also likelihood of tax being raised in the majority of the population. The Obamacare is in consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism. This is because the enactment of the Obamacare preserved state sovereignty (Democrat, 2012). Although it had numerous stringent federal mandates, the state had maintained substantial

Reflection Groups in Geometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Reflection Groups in Geometry - Essay Example A reflection group is a distinct group produced by multiple reflections of a finite-dimensional (Euclidean) space. Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras and symmetry groups of regular polytypes are examples of finite reflection groups while infinite groups comprise the Weyl groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras and the triangle groups similar to ordinary tessellations of the hyperbolic plane and Euclidean plane. With regard to symmetry, discrete isometry groups of broad Riemannian manifolds that are formed by reflections are grouped into classes leading to hyperbolic reflection groups (corresponding to hyperbolic space), affine (corresponding to Euclidean space) and finite reflection groups (then-sphere). Coxeter groups are reflection groups that are finitely generated. Unlike reflection groups, Coxeter groups are abstract groups that have a certain structure generated by reflections. An investigation of the topology and geometry of reflection groups will help us comp rehend the theoretic properties of the group. The concept of reflection in a Euclidean space and the hypothesis of discrete groups of motions resulting from reflections has its origin in the study of space polyhedral and plane regular polygons that goes back to early mathematics. In the present day, reflection groups are common in many areas of mathematical research, and geometers encounter them as special convex polytopes or discrete groups of isometries of Riemannian spaces with even curvature. On the other hand, an algebraist encounters reflection groups in group theory, particularly in the representation theory, Coxeter groups and invariant theory. Other areas of mathematics where they may be encountered include the theory of arrangements of hyperplanes, a theory of combinations and permutation, a theory of modular forms and quadratic forms, low-dimensional topology, singularity theory, and the theory of hyperbolic real and complex manifolds (Yau 1986).  Ã‚  

Interventions Case Study Essay Example for Free

Interventions Case Study Essay The case study chosen is about Sean which comes from chapter 7 in the Crisis Intervention Case Book. Sean is a 19 year old sophomore who is currently on disciplinary probation for getting in a fight during freshman year and breaking the other students jaw. Sean admits to drinking and also smoking marijuana since high school and occasionally on campus. Currently Sean was brought to the emergency room by a friend after passing out on the lawn at a beer party. His friend had seen that Sean vomited all over himself and would not wake up. His friend then called 911 and an ambulance came. At the emergency room Sean’s stomach was pumped and a blood test shown an extremely high level of alcohol along with marijuana and oxycontin. Sean’s case is considered a medical crisis because if his friend would of left him there Sean could have choked on vomit and died. Crisis components Sean’s case starts off as a medical crisis because of the circumstances Sean being unconscious and having an extremely high blood alcohol level. In this case if Sean’s friend would have left him on the lawn thinking he was going to let him just sleep the situation could have become critical. Many individuals can vomit or aspirate while intoxicated and could possibly die of asphyxiation especially when they become unconscious or unable to wake up. The individual should be brought to a hospital immediately where they can be observed and treated. Sean combined three different substances that night which included alcohol, marijuana (THC), and oxycontin. This is a lethal combination, which could have ended in Sean being in a coma or possibly even death; because of this Sean could be considered suicidal. It was also mentioned that Sean had alcoholism in his family and it can be genetic. Sean admitted to not being able to control his drinking and not remembering what happened the night before. This is a dangerous aspect of  drinking. Intervention strategies When Sean’s medical crisis was stabilized, he was evaluated and began speaking with a counselor. When speaking to the counselor Sean admits that, he does not remember what happened last night or how he came to be at the hospital. He remembered being at the Sigma house and playing a drinking game around 10:00 pm and did not remember much after that. He even mentioned a story about drinking when he was in high school. Sean was very worried that his parents would find out and that they would make him come home. He seemed to be very nervous about not knowing whether his parents were called or not. Sean admitted to smoking marijuana before the party. He also stated that a friend gave him oxycontin. Sean mentioned that his father was an alcoholic and used to come home all the time drunk, which caused tension between his father and mother. His father would come home slurring his speech, coming home buzzed or sometimes not coming home at all. His father attended AA meeting and he no longer drinks. The counselor asked Sean if it would be okay to set an appointment for him at the outpatient center at the medical center, which Sean seemed willing to do anything to stay in school. The counselor also agreed to meet with Sean’s parents to discuss the plan they have made to make it easier for Sean to confront them. There are other intervention strategies that could have been provided such as a support group that Sean can be involved in with other students who are in the same situation as Sean or who have been there. When trying to stop drinking, peer support groups can be an invaluable source of guidance, assistance, and encouragement. Groups are very helpful, not only in maintaining sobriety, but also as a safe place to get support and discuss challenges. Connecting with others who know first-hand what you’re going through can help reduce feelings of isolation, fear, and hopelessness. Staying motivated and positive is much easier when you have others you can turn to and lean on to help you get through tough times. It would also benefit Sean to join a school club or sport. Sean would feel part of a team and can spend extra time practicing and keeping busy instead of drinking. If Sean’s drinking escalates then he may need to attend weekly AA meetings. Sean could also look into changing dorms to one that I think the last draw would be moving back home and getting away from the partying environment. His parents could  give him support and he would have a safe place to come home to after classes and on the weekends. Strategy to implement change There is not much that can be done to change someone who doesn’t believe they have a problem and who doesn’t want to change. However the university that Sean attends could set a new policy to make changes within the school and students. It seems to me that there are many parties which include drinking, and drugs on school property and any plans would have to include limiting drinking on campus and in the dormitories, a strong drug enforcement policy and disiplines when these policies are broken. A strategy could be for the school to ban excessive partying to the point where people are passing out and are in danger. It can be impossible to eliminate partying all together, but there can be rules such as partying must not proceed past 12:00 on school campus. On an extreme level the university could put a ban on all alcohol on campus and enforce it strictly. They can put students on an academic probation, or even expel them altogether if found with drugs, or alcohol. If authorities are involved which would include a student being brought to a hospital from drugs/drinking that person will be banned from living on university property if continued. This can eliminate the amount of partying and the level of partying going on. It can even come to a point where a student may be kicked out of the university because of multiple warnings. This can promote change to the campus and the students knowing that the university does not support drug abuse, or alcohol abuse. The university would have to take a strong stand and enforce these rules for them to be successful. In conclusion there are many aspects that would qualify Sean as an alcoholic. Sean cannot control his drinking and will not remember what happened the night before. Sean has had drinking altercations in the past. He also admits to using marijuana and other drugs such as oxytocin. Sean’s counselor set an appointment at an outpatient center and agreed to meet with his parents to discuss their plan. Further interventions such as support groups and AA meeting may be necessary if Sean’s drinking does not decrease. To implement change the university may need to add policy’s that relate to drinking on campus and partying. This will help students like Sean who may struggle with alcohol and other drugs. Reference: Cavaiola, A. A., Colford, J. E. (2011).Crisis intervention case book. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

A Study On Banking Ombudsman Scheme Commerce Essay

A Study On Banking Ombudsman Scheme Commerce Essay The Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 1995 was notified by RBI on June 14, 1995 in terms of the powers conferred on the Bank by Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to provide for a system of redressal of grievances against banks. The Scheme sought to establish a system of expeditious and inexpensive resolution of customer complaints. The Scheme is in operation since 1995 and was revised during the year 2002. The Scheme is being executed by Banking Ombudsmen appointed by RBI at 15 centres covering the entire country. The word ‘Ombudsman in general means a ‘grievance man, a public official who is appointed to investigate complaints against the administration. He is to intervene for theordinarycitizen in his dealings with the complex machinery of the establishment. Objective The objective behind this scheme is to make available an expeditious and cost effective grievance redressal mechanism to bank customers. Vision and Goals of the Banking Ombudsman Offices Vision Statement To be a visible and credible system of dispute resolution mechanism for common persons utilizing the banking services. Goals To ensure redressal of grievances of users of banking services in an inexpensive, expeditious, fair and reasonable manner that will provide impetus to improved customer services in the banking sector on a continuous basis. To provide valuable feedback suggestions to Reserve Bank of India towards framing appropriate and timely guidelines to banks to improve the level of customer service and to strengthen their internal grievance redressal systems. To enhance the awareness of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme. To facilitate quick and fair (non-discriminatory) redressal of grievances through use of IT systems, comprehensive and easily accessible database and enhanced capabilities of staff through training. SCOPE OF THE SCHEME The Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2002 covers all the Regional Rural Banks in addition to all Commercial Banks and Scheduled Primary Co-operative Banks, which were already covered by earlier Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 1995. The grounds of complaints that can be entertained by the Banking Ombudsmen have been enumerated in Clause 12 of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2002. What are complaints Ombudsman may receive? The Banking Ombudsman can receive and consider any complaint relating to the following deficiency in banking services (including internet banking): * non-payment or inordinate delay in the payment or collection of cheques, drafts or bills * non-acceptance of small denomination notes * non-acceptance of coins tendered * non-payment or delay in payment of inward remittances * failure to issue or delay in issue of drafts * non-adherence to prescribed working hours * failure to provide or delay in providing a banking facility * complaints from Non-Resident Indians having accounts in India * refusal to open deposit accounts without any valid reason for refusal * levying of charges without adequate prior notice to the customer * non-disbursement or delay in disbursement of pension * refusal to accept or delay in accepting payment towards taxes * forced closure of deposit accounts without due notice * refusal to close or delay in closing the accounts * non-adherence to the fair practices code as adopted by the bank * any other matter relating to the violation of the directives When a person may file the complaint? One can file a complaint before the Banking Ombudsman if the reply is not received from the bank within a period of one month after the bank concerned has received one s representation, or the bank rejects the complaint, or if the complainant is not satisfied with the reply given by the bank. Rules for filing complaint Any person may himself or through his authorized representative make a complaint to the bank. If the bank rejects the complaint or the complainant does not receive any reply within a month or the complainant is not satisfied with the reply even by the bank, the complainant may approach the Banking Ombudsman for redress of the grievance subject to the following:  · The complaint should be made within one year after the cause of action has arisen.  · The complaint is not in respect of the same subject matter that was settled through the Office of the Banking Ombudsman in any previous proceedings.  · The complaint does not pertain to the same subject matter for which any proceedings before any court, tribunal or arbitrator or any other forum is pending or a decree or award or a final order has already been passed.  · The complaint is not frivolous or vexatious in natur When will one s complaint not be considered by the Ombudsman ? a. One has not approached his bank for redressal of his grievance first. b. One has not made the complaint within one year from the date one has received the reply of the bank or if no reply is received if it is more than one year and one month from the date of representation to the bank. c. The subject matter of the complaint is pending for disposal / has already been dealt with at any other forum like court of law, consumer court etc. d. Frivolous or vexatious. e. The institution complained against is not covered under the scheme. f. The subject matter of the complaint is not within the ambit of the Banking Ombudsman. g. If the complaint is for the same subject matter that was settled through the office of the Banking Ombudsman in any previous proceedings. How Where can one lodge his/her complaint? One can file a complaint with the Banking Ombudsman simply by writing on a plain paper. One can also file it online or by sending an email to the Banking Ombudsman. One may lodge his/ her complaint at the office of the Banking Ombudsman under whose jurisdiction, the bank branch complained against is situated. For complaints relating to credit cards and other types of services with centralized operations, complaints may be filed before the Banking Ombudsman within whose territorial jurisdiction the billing address of the customer is located. PERFORMANCE OF THE BANKING OMBUDSMEN The performance of the Banking Ombudsmen has been analysed on the aspects such as: the quantum of complaints handled by them, the timeliness in handling the issues, and appropriateness of the decisions of the Banking Ombudsmen. More than 5000 complaints are received by the Banking Ombudsmen every year. The number of complaints received by the BO offices has been steadily increasing since 1999-2000. The number of complaints received during 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03 stood at 5803, 5907 and 5399 respectively while there was a sharp rise during the year 2003-04 at 8246. Details are as given below: Number of complaints received by the Banking Ombudsmen Period No. of Offices of Banking Ombudsman No. of complaints received during the year Average No. of complaints per office 99-00 15 4994 333 00-01 15 5803 387 01-02 15 5907 394 02-03 15 5399 360 03-04 15 8246 550 Role of Arbitrator Any dispute between a bank and its constituents or between a bank and another bank may be referred to a Banking Ombudsman for arbitration, if both the parties agree for such a reference provided that the value of the claim in such dispute does not exceed Rs.10 lacs. Reporting The Banking Ombudsman shall report to the Reserve Bank, the non-compliance by any bank of an award and the Review Authority shall pass the necessary order. If a bank fails to implement the award within the prescribed time limit, the complainant may approach the Review Authority with a prayer to pass an appropriate direction to the bank for immediate compliance of the award. The Review Authority shall not receive any such additional or new material from any party which was not produced before the Banking Ombudsman. The Review Authority may call for the comments of the Banking Ombudsman in a review application filed before him, provided he is satisfied that such comments of the Banking Ombudsman are necessary in the exigencies of the case. The object behind the Banking Ombudsman Scheme is to make available an expeditious and cost effective grievance redressal mechanism to bank customers. Hence Banking ombudsman will endeavor to promote a settlement through conciliation or mediation and he will not be bound by any legal rule of evidence.With effect from January 1, 2006, RBI has further modified the scheme. Now complaints relating to credit cards can also be preferred by aggrieved customers. Earlier, retired bank officers or retired bureaucrats were being appointed as ombudsmen. With effect from Jan.2006, RBI officers are appointed as ombudsmen. Centres And Their Operational Areas Ahmedabad Gujarat, Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu Bangalore Karnataka Bhopal Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh Bhubanes-war Orissa Chandigarh Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh Chennai Tamil Nadu, Union Territories of Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Guwahati Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Jaipur Rajasthan Kanpur Uttar Pradesh (excluding District of Ghaziabad) and Uttaranchal Kolkata West Bengal and Sikkim Mumbai Maharashtra and Goa New Delhi Delhi, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh Patna Bihar and Jharkhand Thiruvanan-thapuram Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshadweep Some Important Developments during the year 2008-09 Meeting of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, Rajya Sabha on functioning of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in the private sector banks and foreign banks: Deputy Governor represented the Bank during the deliberations of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation on functioning of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in the private sector banks and foreign banks. The Committee was headed by Dr Najma Heptulla, MP and the banks called for discussion were HDFC, Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, Deutsche Bank and HSBC Ltd. Advertisement under series Jago Grahak Jago: An advertisement campaign on the Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been released by the Bank in collaboration with Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food Public Distribution, Government of India as a joint campaign under the Jago Grahak Jago series. A massive advertising visual publicity campaign on the Banking Ombudsman scheme had been carried out in both print and electronic media. This publicity will help in elevating awareness about the BO Scheme among the common people. In addition, banks were instructed to display details of the BO Scheme in all bank branches for the benefit of their customers. Up gradation of Complain Tracking Software (CTS) The upgraded version of CTS package went live from July 1, 2009. The upgraded CTS package has provision to enter the complaints, acknowledge the complaints, edit the complaints to update it, upload/ down load supporting of citizens. The System is to record and receive the grievances online and redress them indicating action at different levels. The Government of India is monitoring the System. All the Public Sector banks, Offices of the Banking Ombudsman, RBI, SIDBI, IDBI Bank, NABARD etc., have been listed by Government of India as subordinate offices and given username and password to access the DARPG portal to enable them to dispose of the grievances against banks online. The Government of India intends to discontinue with the disposal of grievances in paper form in a phased manner. Reform Banking Ombudsman Latest Law Commission onCheque Bounce J. Venkatesan reports that the Law Commission of India has recommended setting up of fast track courts to dispose over 3.8 million cases pending cheque bounce cases and has suggested that an amendment to the Instruments Act to compel the drawer of a cheque to pay 50 per cent of the amount of the receipt of summons. The head of Commission, Justice A. R. Lakshmanan has noted that because of the huge pendency of the cases the credibility of the business within and outside the country suffered a serious setback. â€Å"Dishonour of a cheque by a bank causes incalculable loss, injury and inconvenience to the payee, and the credibility of issuance of cheque is also being eroded to a large extent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Banking Ombudsmanon cheque Bounce The practical experience at Banking Ombudsman reveal that officials of Banking Ombudsman of RBI have soft corner for the largest public sector bank of India- State Bank of India. Despite the fact that they observed â€Å"the bank had erroneously returned the cheque† Banking Ombudsman noted that by refund of actual expenses in pursing complaint (Rs. 2000) and apology, â€Å"complaint has been reasonably addressed and no further compensation for any loss or damage on account of the deficiency in Banks service could be allowed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is in contrast to its decision, a year ago, against Corporation Bank which too had wrongly bounced cheque of the same senior citizen â€Å"..It is therefore advised that the complainant may be compensated with Rs, 1500/- towards harassment caused†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Why so soft on SBI? Further Banking Ombudsman did not issue any directions to SBI nor to Corporation Bank, on account of serious deficiency of service. Coming back, SBI did no t render any sincere apology to the senior citizen. What to talk of promising efficient customer service or responding to query under RTI, sent through post office. More on the working of Banking Ombudsman. The Banking Ombudsman passed an Award against the erring SBI, the passbook of complaint also mentioned-†As per orders passes by banking Ombudsman..†. However, the official letter from Banking Ombudsman maintained that that complaint was resolved amicably between the bank and the complainant. No award was passed, how to contest? When it was asked under RTI Act that- â€Å"were terms of settlement signed by both complainant and the bank before the Banking Ombudsman as a mark of settlement/agreement? Please list the number of complainants disposed by settlement where terms of settlement was signed by the bank and complainant in 2007-08? The response of RBI-†No such practice is envisaged under the provisions of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006†. Not surprising, on record, ,majority of complainants Banking Ombudsman are amicably resolved. What option does the common man have when the normal grievance redressal mechanism fails? To sit at home and accept the helplessness or to approach the Courts, aleady overflowing with cheque bounce cases? In the light of public interest Justice A. R. Lakshmanans observation, SARCAJC appeals to Reserve Bank of India to Amend the present Banking Ombudsman Scheme so that compensation can be awarded to common man (taking account the loss of the complainants time and harassment and mental anguish), whose cheque is wrongly bounced by any Bank. Further, apart from officials of Reserve Bank of India, two active representatives of general public should be included in Banking Ombudsman structure so that Banking Ombudsman Scheme effectively works in the public interest and eases the pressure of cheque bounce cases in the Indian courts. Review Of Literature Awareness Fridays: A Guide to the Indian Banking Ombudsman Scheme Vinaya HS on January 2, 2009 The Reserve Bank of India also governs the Banking Ombudsman Scheme which provides an â€Å"expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of their complaints relating to banking services.† The objective of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme is to be a visible and reliable system of dispute resolution mechanism for bank customers. Though the Ombudsman was launched way back in 1995, how many among us are really aware of when and how to approach the Banking Ombudsman? Thankfully, as always, the Reserve Bank of India has recently released a guide on this very topic. RBI amends Banking Ombudsman Scheme Mumbai, May 24: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) brought about crucial amendments to the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006 which will now enable aggrieved customers to not only appeal against any Ombudsmans decision but also to appeal in case of complaints being rejected. The appeal could be made to the deputy governors office of the RBI. The Ombudsman, however, has the right to reject complaints if they are ; not on the grounds of complaint referred to in clause 8; beyond the pecuniary jurisdiction of Banking Ombudsman prescribed; frivolous, vexatious, malafide; without any sufficient cause; that it is not pursued by the complainant with reasonable diligence; in the opinion of the Banking Ombudsman there is no loss or damage or inconvenience caused to the complainant; or requiring consideration of elaborate documentary and oral evidence and the proceedings before the Banking Ombudsman. In case of a complainant being aggrieved by the award under clause 12 or by rejection of a complaint, he may exercise the option of an appeal within 30 days, the RBI said in its notification. Title:THE BANKING OMBUDSMAN SCHEME Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance Year:1994 Abstract: This paper examines the role of the Banking Ombudsman in dealing with complaints about banking services. It describes the procedures for investigating eligible complaints and considers the overlap with other Ombudsman schemes, in particular those of the Building Societies and Insurance Ombudsmen. Exemplary Cases dealt with by BO offices where customers were right Case 1 : The complainant was maintaining a current account and approached the bank to convert his current account to cash credit account. For the said purpose he had pledged NSC amounting to Rs.1,20,000/-. Subsequently the bank neither sanctioned him a cash credit limit nor returned the certificates. In the meantime the certificates were matured for payment and he requested the bank to return the certificates. The bank failed to return the certificates stating that the certificates had been misplaced. The complainant approached us with a request to redress his grievances. On taking up the matter with the bank, the bank assured to take up the matter with the post office for issue of duplicate NSCs. On receipt of the duplicate NSCs from the concerned post office, the complainant was compensated for the loss of the original certificates. The complainant submitted a letter of satisfaction to the BO. Case 2 : A complaint relating to non-credit of cheque amount into the account of the complainant was received. The complainant had reportedly taken up the matter with the bank several times but there was no response by the bank towards credit of the cheque amount. The complainant approached the BO for resolution of his grievances. On receipt of the complaint, BO questioned the bank as to what action had been taken on the complaint by them. The bank reported that the cheque in question was lost in transit resulting in non-credit of the cheque amount to the complainants account. At the instance of BO, the bank took up the matter with UTI Mutual Fund, Patna by submitting letter of undertaking and death certificate. The Mutual Fund issued a duplicate cheque and the amount was credited to the complainants account. The complainant submitted a letter of satisfaction. Case 3 : BO received a complaint where the complainant alleged that on her husbands death, she approached the concerned bank on November 27, 2008 for payment of family pension and all the formalities were completed as required by the bank. The Treasury Officer had converted the pension into family pension and advised the bank on October 18, 2008 to make payment to the widow. Though she had been approaching the bank there was no response from the bank. BO questioned the bank as to what action had been taken by them on the complaint. On persuasion, the bank redressed the grievances and paid the family pension to the complainant . Case 4 : A cheque drawn by the EPF Department on the ABC Banks Nasik branch for Rs.21.36 lakh was sent to XYZ Bank, New Delhi for credit to the account of the complainant. The amount was not credited to the complainants account advising that it had not received the cheque. The complainant, however, obtained the Proof of Delivery from Post Office in support of the claim that it was delivered to the XYZ bank.. It transpired that the XYZ bank had actually misplaced the cheque before sending it for collection to ABC Bank and it had already furnished an affidavit to the EPF Department reporting the misplacement of the cheque and requesting for a duplicate cheque. With the intervention of BO, the bank credited an amount of Rs.18,894/- as interest on the delayed payment since date of deposit of the cheque. RECOMMENDATIONS : 1. If a complaint is not settled by agreement within a period of one month from the date of receipt of the complaint or such further period as he may consider necessary, the Banking Ombudsman may make a recommendation by reference to what is, in his opinion, fair in all the circumstances. Copies of the recommendation shall be sent to the complainant and the bank concerned. 2. The recommendation by the Banking Ombudsman shall be open to acceptance by the complainant only if he accepts all terms of the recommendation in full and final settlement of his claim against the bank and he shall, if he accepts the recommendation, within two weeks from the date of receipt of the recommendation send his acceptance in writing stating clearly that he is prepared to accept a settlement in terms of the recommendation is full and final settlement of his complaint. 3. The Banking Ombudsman shall cause a copy of the letter of acceptance, received from the complainant to be forwarded to the bank. The bank shall, if the recommendation is acceptable to it, comply with the terms of the recommendation immediately on receipt of acceptance of the terms by the complainant and inform the Banking Ombudsman of the settlement in terms of his recommendation. If the recommendation is not acceptable to the bank, it shall inform the Banking Ombudsman within a period of two weeks. sReferences : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman http://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=164 http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=24 http://www.consumercourt.netfirms.com/consumercourtbankingombudsman.htm http://www.apnaloan.com/credit-card-india/Banking-ombudsman-area.html http://www.icrpc.org/icrpc.org.bankingombudsman.htm